On October 26, 2023, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB or the “Board”) issued its long-awaited final rule (the “New Rule”) addressing the standard for determining joint-employer status under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). The new rule is effective December 26, 2023. By issuing the new rule, the Board rescinds and replaces the previous rule issued under the Board (when it was controlled by appointees of former President Donald Trump) entitled, “Joint Employer Status Under the National Labor Relations Act,” which was published on February 26, 2020, and took effect on April 27, 2020.
Joint employment refers to situations in which two or more legal entities share control or influence over workers to the extent that each are deemed to be employers of the worker in question. Joint-employer status can have significant implications for labor relations and legal obligations. If two entities are joint employers, they may both be held responsible for unfair labor practices, bargaining obligations, and other legal liabilities concerning the employees in question.
The New Rule makes it much easier for a worker to be found that they are jointly employed.
The New Rule
Under the New Rule, two or more legal entities will be held to be joint employers of a group of employees if the entities share or codetermine one or more of the employees’ essential terms and conditions of employment, which the New Rule defines as: (1) wages, benefits, and other compensation; (2) hours of work and scheduling; (3) the assignment of duties to be performed; (4) the supervision of the performance of duties; (5) work rules and directions governing the manner, means, and methods of the performance of duties and the grounds for discipline; (6) the tenure of employment, including hiring and discharge; and (7) working conditions related to the safety and health of employees.
Entities are joint employers when they share or codetermine at least one of the “essential terms and conditions.” The key aspect of the New Rule is that “share or co-determine” “means for an employer to possess the authority to control (whether directly, indirectly, or both), or to exercise the power to control (whether directly, indirectly, or both), one or more of the employees’ essential terms and conditions of employment.” Thus, indirect or “reserved” control alone may establish joint employer status. This is a major change from the 2020 Rule’s focus on “direct and immediate control.”
背景介绍
The NLRB’s interpretation of what constitutes joint employment has fluctuated in recent years, with a focus on whether the alleged joint employer had direct or indirect control. Economic change in areas like subcontracting, franchising, and growth of the “gig” economy have spurred this debate. Between 1984 to 2015, indirect control was typically insufficient to establish an entity as the joint employer of another employer’s workers. Instead, “direct and immediate” control was a necessary factor to prove joint-employer status.
Then, in 2015, the Board issued its decision in Browning-Ferris, 362 NLRB 1599 (2015). A majority of Board members held that an entity may be a joint employer, even if its control over the essential working conditions of another business’s employees was indirect, limited and routine, or contractually reserved but never exercised. Browning-Ferris marked a major shift for joint employer status.
The 2020 Rule, which followed the Board’s decision in Hy-Brand Industrial Contractors, Ltd. & Brandt Construction Co., 365 NLRB No. 156 (2017), reversed course by rejecting the analysis in Browning-Ferris and establishing that joint-employer status requires showing that the entity possesses and exercises “substantial direct and immediate control over one or more essential terms or conditions” of employment. The 2020 Rule therefore returned to the pre-Browning-Ferris precedent, where indirect control could not determine joint-employer status.
The New Rule restores the Browning-Ferris standard but, in some respects, goes even further. Thus, the New Rule provides that “evidence of the authority or reserved right to control, as well as evidence of the exercise of control (whether direct or indirect, including control through an intermediary, as discussed further below) is probative evidence of the type of control over employees’ essential terms and conditions of employment that is necessary to establish joint-employer status.”
Implications on Employers
The New Rule expands the criteria for establishing a joint-employer relationship. The Chairman of the NLRB, Lauren McFerran, states that the “new joint-employer standard reflects both a legally correct return to common-law principles and a practical approach to ensuring that the entities effectively exercising control over workers’ critical terms of employment respect their bargaining obligations under the NLRA.” Board member Marvin Kaplan, an original appointee of former President Trump, dissented, arguing that “[i]t is difficult to imagine a better recipe than [the New Rule] for injecting chaos into the practice and procedure of collective bargaining that the majority claims to promote.” Kaplan goes on to call the New Rule a “radical expansion of the joint-employer doctrine” and predicts that significant adverse consequences will flow from the New Rule.
Employers in industries where it is common to contact out some or all of the operation, such as healthcare, hospitality, or construction, just to name a few, will need to carefully review the New Rule and then scrutinize the agreements they have with such contractors. The contracts with the subcontractors are where the problematic reserved powers described above will be found. But remember, the New Rule only applies to issues arising under the National Labor Relations Act, and other agencies, such as the U.S. Department of Labor and the EEOC, will use different rules when analyzing if joint employment exists. More litigation and legal challenges may arise soon over the New Rule. One organization, the International Franchise Association, has vowed to “stop the rule through any measure available” and some senators are exploring congressional action to reverse the New Rule. In the meantime, employers should carefully consider the shift in precedent and consider whether they are at risk. Employers should review and assess their relationships with outside vendors, independent contractors, or other third-party contracts to determine whether they may be deemed joint employers under the New Rule.
If you have any questions or need assistance to ensure compliance under the New Rule, please contact the attorneys at Foley & Lardner LLP.
