德国联邦法院近期作出裁决(2024年6月11日,案号X ZB 5/22),认定只要符合德国法律规定的专利保护要求,人工智能生成的发明即可在德国注册专利,且发明人可登记为自然人。 该裁决体现了专利法领域为应对人工智能技术发展而不断演进的态势,其立场有别于某些限制性更强的司法管辖区。
法院承认:“根据当前科学认知,不存在无需人类准备或影响即可检索技术教导的系统。”关于人类发明人的认定,法院指出:
“人类贡献必须达到何种类型或强度才能构成此类归因的依据……这一问题并不具有决定性意义。 尤其无需最终确定:作为该系统的制造者、所有者或持有者是否已足够,抑或需要与所发现技术教导存在更紧密关联的行为——例如实施特定编程措施或数据训练、启动使所主张教导得以揭示的检索过程、从系统提出的多个结果中进行核查与筛选,或其他活动…… 无论如何评估这些问题,即使使用人工智能系统,仍有可能识别出此类人为贡献,并通过法律评估据此推导发明人的地位。"
该裁决表明,在德国,人工智能参与发明创造并不影响最终成果的可专利性,这凸显了更新专利法以适应技术变革的重要性,从而使有价值的发明获得保护。该裁决还可能为在欧洲主要市场保护人工智能生成的发明提供策略依据。
德国的裁决与艾伯特教授及其团队在美国等司法管辖区提出的类似案件形成鲜明对比——这些司法管辖区要求发明必须由自然人(即人类)作出实质性贡献才能获得专利。今年早些时候,英国最高法院裁定,若发明由人工智能生成,则其本质上不受专利保护。
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