As of September 16, 2012, third parties have been able to make “Preissuance Submissions” of printed publications in pending patent applications. To date, the USPTO has received just over 100 preissuance submissions. This article provides some tips and strategies for both applicants and third parties.
The Statutory and Regulatory Framework
Section 8 of the America Invents Act amended 35 USC § 122 to provide for preissuance submissions, and the USPTO’s implementing regulations are found in new 37 CFR § 1.290 and revised 37 CFR § 1.291. Key requirements and related strategies are outlined below.
The Timing Requirements
While preissuance submissions can be made in applications pending before September 16, 2012, certain timing requirements must be satisfied. By statute, a Preissuance Submission must be filed by
the earlier of—
(A) the date a notice of allowance or
(B) the later of—
(i) 6 months after the application is first published under 35 USC § 122 or
(ii) the date of the first rejection of any claim by the examiner under 35 USC § 132
This means that a preissuance submission can be filed within six months of publication of the application unless a Notice of Allowance has been issued (even if an Office Action has been issued), and can be filed beyond six months after publication of the application as long as an Office Action on the merits or Notice of Allowance has not been issued.
Third parties who want to be able to make preissuance submissions may want to consider instituting watches for published applications in certain technologies or by certain applicants, and could include PCT and foreign applications in their searches in order to identify potential target applications as early as possible.
Applicants who want to shield their patent applications from preissuance submissions may want to consider making non-publication requests (if foreign patent protection is not being sought) or pursuing expedited examination (such as under Track I or the Patent Prosecution Highway), to increase the likelihood that a Notice of Allowance will be issued before any preissuance submission is made.
The Formal Requirements
The USPTO’s implementing regulations set forth a number of formal requirements for preissuance submissions. Notably, preissuance submissions can be made via a dedicated interface in the USPTO’s EFS-Web system. The USPTO encourages the use of the EFS-Web system because it walks users through the formal requirements and also confirms that the timing requirements are satisfied for the patent application at issue.
The Substantive Requirements
By statute, a preissuance submission can cite “any patent, published patent application, or other printed publication of potential relevance to the examination of the application.” The USPTO has interpreted this provision as permitting the submission of references that are not prior art to the application at issue, of references that are identical to or cumulative of references that already are of record, and as including documents issued or filed in connection with foreign patent prosecution, as long as such documents qualify as printed publications.
Thus, third parties considering making preissuance submissions may want to determine whether any relevant rejections or arguments have been made in corresponding foreign applications. On the other hand, applicants with foreign applications undergoing active prosecution may want to be mindful of the possibility that any arguments or claim amendments they make could be provided to the U.S. examiner under the preissuance submissions program.
The statute also requires the third party to provide “a concise description of the asserted relevance of each submitted document.” The USPTO has cautioned that this provision “does not permit third parties to submit arguments against patentability or set forth conclusions regarding whether one or more claims are patentable,” and “is not an invitation for a third party to propose rejections of the claims or set forth arguments relating to an Office action … or to an applicant’s reply to an Office action.” Indeed, the USPTO may reject a preissuance submission if it cites 35 USC § 102 or 35 USC § 103, or discusses anticipation or obviousness.
The USPTO has published a “Message from Janet Gongola, Patent Reform Coordinator” on the USPTO’s AIA Implementation Web page providing “Tips for Filing a Compliant Preissuance Submission.” The message states that the most common reason for non-compliant preissuance submissions relates to “an improper concise description of relevance” and provides the following guidance:
A concise description of relevance should set forth facts explaining how a particular printed publication is of potential relevance to the examination of the application in which the submission has been filed. This is done, most effectively, by (i) pointing out relevant pages or lines of the respective printed publication where the relevant issues raised by the text are located; and (ii) providing a focused description of the import of the cited text to draw the examiner’s attention to the issues. Also, a concise description may be presented in narrative or claim chart form.
The “concise description” can be entered in EFS-Web system in the text box on the “Application Data” screen, or it can be uploaded as a separate document on the “Attach Documents” screen. The text box limits the “concise description” to 250 characters, so the use of a separate document may be warranted in most circumstances.
These restrictions on the “concise description” make the submission of foreign office actions as “printed publications” even more attractive, because the office actions themselves would provide a detailed explanation of the relevance of cited references.
Strategic Considerations
The main goal of the preissuance submissions program is to provide relevant information to examiners early in the examination process, to improve the quality of granted patents. Before making a preissuance submission in a specific patent application, third parties may want to consider their objectives and the possible outcomes, keeping in mind the restrictions on the explanations that can be provided.
- If a cited publication is not cited in an Office Action (but is printed on the front of the resulting patent because it was “considered” by the Examiner), will it be harder to invalidate the resulting patent?
- If a cited publication is cited in an Office Action, and the applicant argues around it, will it be harder to invalidate the resulting patent?
- If a cited publication is cited in an Office Action, and the applicant amends around it, will the amended claims be harder to invalidate? Will the amended claims provide the desired freedom to operate?
The Impact On Examination
It will take some time before there is enough data to assess whether preissuance submissions have a meaningful impact on patent prosecution, and even more time before we can determine whether they improve patent quality. Until then, it will be interesting to see how frequently Examiners apply submitted publications in rejections.